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Neuro monitoring technology, also known as neurophysiological monitoring or intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM), is a set of techniques and technologies used to assess and monitor the functional integrity of the nervous system during surgical procedures. These monitoring methods provide real-time information to surgeons and medical professionals, helping them make informed decisions and minimize the risk of neurological complications during surgery. Purpose of Neuro Monitoring: Risk Mitigation: Neuro monitoring is employed in surgeries involving the nervous system, such as brain or spinal cord surgeries. The primary goal is to identify and mitigate the risk of potential damage to neural structures, preserving their function and minimizing postoperative complications. Real-time Feedback: By continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the nervous system during surgery, neurophysiological monitoring provides real-time feedback to the surgical team. Changes in neur...

An octopus typically has three hearts. Two of these hearts are referred to as branchial hearts, and the third is called the systemic heart. The two branchial hearts are responsible for pumping blood through the gills, where oxygen is extracted from water and carbon dioxide is released. This oxygenated blood is then pumped to the systemic heart. The systemic heart, in turn, distributes the oxygenated blood to the rest of the octopus's body. The reason for having three hearts is linked to the unique respiratory and circulatory system of octopuses. Unlike vertebrates, including humans, who have a centralized circulatory system with a single heart, octopuses have a more distributed system that involves multiple hearts. This adaptation helps improve the efficiency of oxygen transport in their aquatic environment, where obtaining oxygen from water is crucial for survival. The decentralized cardiovascular system of octopuses allows for a more direct and efficient flow of oxygenated blood ...