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Neuro monitoring technology, also known as neurophysiological monitoring or intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM), is a set of techniques and technologies used to assess and monitor the functional integrity of the nervous system during surgical procedures. These monitoring methods provide real-time information to surgeons and medical professionals, helping them make informed decisions and minimize the risk of neurological complications during surgery. Purpose of Neuro Monitoring: Risk Mitigation: Neuro monitoring is employed in surgeries involving the nervous system, such as brain or spinal cord surgeries. The primary goal is to identify and mitigate the risk of potential damage to neural structures, preserving their function and minimizing postoperative complications. Real-time Feedback: By continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the nervous system during surgery, neurophysiological monitoring provides real-time feedback to the surgical team. Changes in neur...

Recombinant DNA technology, often referred to as genetic engineering, is a revolutionary set of techniques that allow scientists to manipulate the genetic material of organisms. This technology has far-reaching implications across various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. At its core, recombinant DNA technology involves the creation of new combinations of genetic material by joining together DNA segments from different sources. Historical Context: The groundwork for recombinant DNA technology was laid in the early 1970s, with the discovery of restriction enzymes. These enzymes, found in bacteria, could cut DNA at specific sequences. This discovery allowed scientists to cleave DNA at precise points, paving the way for the development of genetic engineering techniques. Basic Components and Techniques: Isolation of DNA: The process typically begins with the isolation of DNA from the source organism. This can be any living organism—bacteria, plants, animals, or e...